Air Quality in Helsby
Annual Report for 2021
| Authors | Louisa Kramer |
| Compilation date | 10 November 2022 |
| Customer | Peel NRE Limited |
| Approved by | James Dernie |
| Copyright | Ricardo Energy & Environment |
| EULA | https://protect-eu.mimecast.com/s/wXOXCYmMSgKKYH9R9cO0?domain=ee.ricardo.com/ |
| Contract reference | ED12299 | Report reference | Issue 1 |
Executive summary
This report provides details and results of the air quality monitoring programme which took place in Helsby, Cheshire from 1st January 2021 – 31st December 2021.
The work was carried out by Ricardo Energy and Environment on behalf of Peel NRE Limited. The monitoring programme includes measurements of particulates (PM10 and PM2.5), heavy metals, and Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants (dioxins, furans, dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), to assess their concentrations against the relevant air quality objectives.
Hourly PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring was carried out using a Fine Dust Analysis System (FIDAS). The data capture rate for PM in 2021 was 87%. The annual means measured in for PM10 and PM2.5 were 11.4 ?gm-3 and 7.1 ?gm-3, respectively. The annual mean AQS objectives are >40 ?gm-3 for PM10 and >25 ?gm-3 for PM2.5, therefore, the annual means are below the limit values. The 24-hour mean PM10 limit is 50 ?gm-3 which may not be exceeded more than 35 times per year to meet the objective. There were no exceedances of this limit in 2021, therefore the objective was met.
Monthly collated filter samples of PM10 were analysed for a number of heavy metals. The mean values were compared to the UK AQS Objective for lead and Ambient Air Directive target values or Environment Assessment Levels for other compounds where applicable. All heavy metal concentrations were below the target values in 2021.
Dioxins, furans, dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted from samples collected and collated every three months from a High-Volume sampler. Benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) is used as a marker for PAHs in ambient air. The mean concentrations of B[a]P in 2021 was 0.06 ngm-3, which is well below the annual mean European target value of 1 ngm-3 and the UK objective of 0.25 ngm-3.
1 Introduction
This report produced on behalf of Peel NRE Limited, relates to the period 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021 during which time air quality monitoring of dioxins, furans, particulates, PAHs and heavy metals were undertaken in Helsby, Cheshire.
The monitoring, commissioned on behalf of Peel NRE, followed on from an original contract with the Bioenergy Infrastructure Group (B.I.G) acting on behalf of Ince Bio Power Ltd. The original contract, which was completed in July 2020, was to monitor pollutants prior to and post construction and commissioning of a new biomass renewable energy power plant in Cheshire (Plot 9, Ince Resource Recovery Park). Further information on the air quality monitoring which took place during this initial survey can be found in a report located on the Protos website here.
Monitoring continued without a break following the initial survey and will be ongoing to provide members of the local and wider community with air quality data on an annual basis. It will also provide monitoring required by businesses operating at Protos to ensure compliance with planning conditions.
During the period 1st January 2021 to 31st December 2021, activity on site at Protos included:
- Operational biomass energy plant on plot 9a.
- Operational timber recycling facility on plot 3.
- Construction of an energy from waste facility on plot 8 including import of fill material to create working platform, installation of site office and welfare complex, piling works for main building foundations across the site, commencement of erection of structural steel and precast concrete structures.
- Construction of two sub-stations on land adjacent to plot 12 connecting facilities at Protos with an 11KV and 33KV network.
- Ground preparation works through the importation of naturally occurring construction fill materials
- Phase 2 infrastructure works including earthworks and piling to facilitate construction of internal estate roads and construction of two bridges and creation of ecological areas.
- Ongoing estate management including habitat and tree management
For more information on any of these activities, please visit https://protect-eu.mimecast.com/s/2vZ7CMA9i9ppPtw3Bio-?domain=protos.co.uk or email community@protos.co.uk
2 Monitoring Site and Methods
2.1 Monitoring Station
The monitoring station was set up in 2016 on land owned by Helsby Parish Council adjacent to an office building accessed from Mountain View, Helsby. The site was previously used by Ince Bio Power Ltd and will continue to be used for the purposes of ongoing monitoring for current and future facilities located at Protos.
Protos is an energy and resource site of 54ha, currently under development by Peel NRE. During 2021 two plots within Protos were fully occupied at the site and two further sites under construction. Figure 1 shows the location of the monitoring station (blue marker) with respect to the Protos development (as shown by the red line), and the operational Ince Bio Power Plant and Ince Park Renewables Ltd (orange markers) and sites under construction (red markers). Further details on the sites can be found by clicking on the relevant site marker.
This plan will be updated each year to show facilities at Protos which have been under construction, under commissioning, or operational during the reporting year.
Figure 1: Location of Helsby monitoring station and the Protos development.Operational facilities within the Protos development are shown as orange markers and facilities under construction are shown as red markers.
2.2 Pollutants Monitored
The monitoring station set up in Helsby is shown in Figure 2. The following sections provide an overview of the pollutants that Ricardo Energy & Environment were contracted to measure at the site in Helsby throughout , firstly by B.I.G., then since July 3rd 2020, by Peel NRE. In addition, hourly meteorological data from Liverpool John Lennon Airport (located 9 km NW of the monitoring station) were sourced from the NOAA Integrated Surface Databased (NOAA 2020)1 and accessed using the worldmet R package (Carslaw 2021)2.
Figure 2: Monitoring station located on land adjacent to RSK offices accessed from Mountain View in Helsby.
2.2.1 Particulate Matter
Airborne particulate matter varies widely in its physical and chemical composition, source and particle size. The terms PM10 and PM2.5 are used to describe particles with an effective size with a median aerodynamic diameter of 10 and 2.5 ?m respectively. These are of greatest concern with regard to human health, as they are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs. They can cause inflammation and a worsening of the condition of people with heart and lung diseases. In addition, they may carry surface absorbed carcinogenic compounds into the lungs. Particles with a median aerodynamic diameter greater than 10 ?m are less likely to travel as far into the respiratory system. These larger particles are also removed more readily from the air by sedimentation.
The main source of airborne particulate matter in the UK is combustion (industrial, commercial and residential fuel use). Other large sources include production processes, agriculture and road transport. PM and its precursors can also be transported long distances, and transboundary pollution from the continent can result in increased PM in the UK.
PM10 and PM2.5 were measured using an MCERTS approved Fine Dust Analysis System (FIDAS). The FIDAS analyser utilises an LED to determine particle numbers and particle size distribution through light scattering of individual particles.
The output is recorded and stored every 10 seconds and averaged to 15 minute average values by an on-site data logger. This logger is connected to a modem to download the data to Ricardo Energy & Environment. The data are then converted to concentration units and averaged to hourly mean concentrations. Data were processed according to the rigorous quality assurance and quality control procedures used by Ricardo Energy & Environment, and ratified every six months, to produce the final dataset reported here.
2.2.2 Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are toxic metallic elements that can result in adverse health effects. Anthropogenic sources of heavy metals include emissions from industrial processes and fuel combustion.
An annual mean limit value of 0.5 ?gm-3 for lead in the PM10 particulate fraction of ambient air was defined in the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC). Following this, target values for arsenic (6 ngm-3), cadmium (5 ngm-3), and nickel (20 ngm-3), were set out in the Fourth Daughter Directive (2004/107/EC).
A Partisol 2025 sampler was used to collect particulates in the PM10 fraction on a weekly schedule. The weekly filters were collated into monthly samples and sent to an analytical laboratory to be analysed for heavy metals using including: Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Mercury, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, Antimony, Thallium, Vanadium, Zinc, via UKAS accredited procedures, and Chromium VI (not accredited).
2.2.3 Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants (TOMPs)
Toxic Organic Micro Pollutants include a range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to POPs can have an adverse impact on human health and the environment. The main source of POPs in recent years in the UK are unintentional by-products from the incomplete combustion of fuels.
A High Volume sampler was used to collect samples for analysis of dioxins, furans, dioxin like PCBs and PAHs. Samples were collected every 2 weeks and collated into 3 monthly samples (Table 1). Sample blanks were also obtained and analysed and found to be within acceptable limits. The method used for the analytical measurement complies with US EPA 1613B for the PCBs, dioxins and furans, and EPA-TO-13A for PAHs.
2.3 Air Quality Limit Values
Table 2 shows the current UK objectives (included in the Air Quality Standards Regulations 3 and subsequent Amendments for the purpose of Local Air Quality Management), for the pollutants monitored at Helsby for this report. These regulations are based on those in the European Commission Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe 4,5 (referred to as the Air Quality Directive) when the UK was a member of the European Union. Since Brexit, the UK is no longer tied to the EU limits, however, current objectives in the UK have been adopted from those stated in the Air Quality Directive, as shown in Table 2.
Where target analytes do not have a limit UK objective limit value, Ambient Air Directive (AAD) target values or Environmental Assessment Levels (EALS) used for Environmental Permit Risk assessments (Defra, 2016)6 were adopted for the purpose of this study, as shown in Table 3.
3 Results and Discussion
The pollutant data measured at Helsby during 2021 have been analysed and where applicable, measurements have also been assessed with respect to current Air Quality Objectives.
3.1 Meteorological Conditions
Figure 3 shows the distribution of wind speed and wind direction (wind rose) for each month at Liverpool John Lennon Airport. The “spokes” show the direction the wind is coming from, a longer spoke means a higher frequency of wind from that direction and the colours represent the wind speed (purple= high winds, yellow = calm winds). Between March and July, the wind direction was predominantly from a north-westerly direction. In late November Storm Arwen arrived from a northerly direction resulting in high winds and unsettled weather.
Figure 3: Monthly wind roses for Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Data source: NOAA Integrated Surface Database (ISD)(2021)1.
3.2 PM Data Analysis
3.2.1 Summary Statistics
Table 4 shows a summary of the PM data for 2021. The period mean concentrations are below the annual mean air quality objectives for PM10 and PM2.5. There were no exceedances of the PM10 daily mean objective during 2021, therefore the objective was met. The data capture rates in 2021 for both PM fractions is 87%.
3.2.2 AQ index distribution
The plots below illustrate the distribution of AQ index values for Helsby for PM10 and PM2.5. The AQIs are based on the daily mean for PM and each plot shows the number of days that concentrations measured are in each index. The index ranges from 1 to 10, and separated into four different bands: 1-3 = Low, 4-6 = Moderate, 7-9 = High, and 10 = Very High. Further information on the AQ Index is available in Appendix A and from UK-Air7. During 2021, there were no days recorded when the PM10 AQI went above the “Low” banding (Index 1-3). For PM2.5 there was one day in 2021 when the AQI was in the “Moderate” banding (Index 4), with the rest recorded as “Low”.
PM10
Figure 4: Distribution of AQI for PM10.
PM2.5
Figure 5: Distribution of AQI for PM2.5.
3.2.3 Time Series
Figure 6 shows 24 hour averaged time series of PM10 and PM2.5 measured at Helsby during 2021. This is an interactive plot: you can click on the plot and select an area to zoom into. 24 hour averaged values for PM10 and PM2.5 can also be viewed by hovering over the relevant line in the plot.
Figure 6: 24 hour average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations measured at Helsby during 2021. The dashed line represents the PM10 24 hour objective.
3.2.4 Time Variations
As PM10 and PM2.5 are continuously measured on an hourly time period, the variability over short and long time periods can be assessed. Figure 7 shows the daily, weekly, and monthly variability in concentrations for 2021.
Seasonal: Variations in the PM concentrations across seasons can be seen in the “month” plot in Figure 7. PM concentrations were elevated over winter/spring during 2021. There is likely to be an increase in emissions from residential heating during these colder months. This, coupled with low dispersion under cold/stable conditions can result in elevated levels of PM. Long range transport of pollutants can also result in an increase in PM in the UK. Despite the national lockdown being in place, the highest PM levels were still observed in April 2021. As shown in (Figure 3) there were a high proportion of easterly winds measured at the nearby Liverpool John Lennon Airport during April. Air masses arriving from the east can transport pollutants from the continent resulting in an increase in PM.
Weekly: The weekly cycles for PM10 and PM2.5 are very similar with the lowest concentrations typically observed on a Saturday, which may be related to local traffic.
Diurnal: The diurnal cycle, as seen in the “hour” plot in Figure 7, shows a minimum in PM10 and PM2.5 around noon, and peaks in the morning and evening.
Figure 7: Temporal variations in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations measured at Helsby during 2021.
3.2.5 Calender Plot
The plots below show daily variation in concentrations by pollutant for each month in 2021. The colours shown for each day relate to the concentration. The wind speed and PM concentration for each day can be seen by hovering the mouse over the cell. The highest daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were observed on 3rd March, with average daily concentrations of 46.1 µgm-3 and 39.7 µgm-3, respectively. The wind direction on 3rd March was from an easterly/south easterly direction. Southern and easterly winds can often bring polluted air from the continent and dust from the Sahara Desert to the UK, which may result in elevated levels of pollutants observed in the UK. “Moderate” pollution was observed across most of England on this day.
PM10
Figure 8: Calendar plot for PM10 measured at Helsby during 2021.
PM2.5
Figure 9: Calendar plot for PM25 measured at Helsby during 2021.
3.2.6 Polar Plots
To investigate possible sources of PM in 2021, meteorological data measured at Liverpool John Lennon Airport was used to assess the hourly mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations with wind speed and wind direction.
Figure 10 and Figure 11 show bivariate polar plots or “pollution roses” of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The plots indicate how the PM concentration varies with wind direction and wind speed, with blue colours representing low PM levels, and red colours high PM levels.
PM10: In 2021, the highest concentrations of PM10 were observed when the wind was from the northwest under high (>10 ms-1) wind speeds, and from the southwest and northeast under calmer wind speeds (< 7 ms-1). The high PM10 at high wind speeds may be related to pollution from the M56 and farther afield – potentially including the Protos site. Elevated PM10 at low wind speeds is typically associated with local sources.
The polar plot for 2021 is different to 2020, when the highest PM10 levels were observed when the wind was from the southwest under high (>10 ms-1) wind speeds.
PM2.5: For PM2.5 the highest concentrations were observed from the southwest and northeast under calmer wind speeds. There is some indication of higher PM2.5 from the northwest under high wind speeds but is less prominent than for PM10.
PM10
Figure 10: Bivariate polar plot of PM10 for 2021.
PM2.5
Figure 11: Bivariate polar plot of PM2.5 for 2021.
3.2.7 Annual Variation
Figure 12 shows the annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations measured at Helsby in 2020 and 2021. The concentrations vary very little across the two years, for both PM10 and PM2.5. The measured concentrations are well below the annual mean air quality objectives for PM10 and PM~2.5 in 2020 and 2021.
Figure 12: PM10 and PM2.5 annual mean concentrations from 2020 to 2021.
3.3 Heavy Metals Analysis
Annual averages for heavy metal concentrations measured during 2021 are given in Table 5. Annual averages with and without measurements below detectable limits are provided. For some heavy metals concentrations were below the LOD for each sampling period during the year. In these cases annual averages calculated without measurements below detectable limits are blank.
Where no regulations apply, Ambient Air Directive target values or Environment Assessment Levels outlined in Table 3 have been used where available. During 2021, all heavy metal concentrations measured were below the target values.
Figure 13 shows a time series of the metal concentrations for each month, during 2021. Data from the analysis of the monthly samples are provided in Table C1 in Appendix C. This is an interactive plot: monthly values for each compound can be viewed by hovering over the relevant line in the plot. Each compound can also be plotted separately by double clicking on the name in the legend. Double clicking on the name again, will reset the plot to show all lines.
In Figure 13 it is observed that zinc concentrations drop rapidly between May and June 2021 and remain below detectable limits for the rest of the year (see Table C3 in Appendix C). There is no obvious correlation between the change in zinc concentrations and the wind conditions, therefore no conclusion can be drawn at this point. Whether the zinc concentrations remain below the limit of detection in 2022 will be investigated in the next annual report.
Figure 13: Heavy metal concentrations measured at Helsby during 2021. Points shown at mid-point of 4-week period.
3.4 PAH Analysis
Table 6 shows the period mean of the measured PAHs in PM10 calculated from the quarterly samples in 2021. All compounds sampled were above the LOD. Benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) is used as a marker for assessment of PAHs against UK and European objectives. The annual mean concentration of B[a]P in 2021 was 0.06 ngm-3, which is well below the European target value of 1 ngm-3 and below the stricter UK objective of 0.25 ngm-3. To assess the use of B[a]P as a marker for PAHs, additional PAHs are required to be measured as per the Fourth Daughter Directive (DD4). These additional compounds should include at a minimum: benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene. All these compounds were measured at Helsby, along with other PAHs. Please note, however, that the naphthalene concentrations reported are highly uncertain due to potential breakthrough on the sampling media at the flow rates used.
Figure 14 shows a comparison of annual mean B[a]P concentration between 2020 and 2021. The analysis shows that B[a]P decreased on average in 2021 when compared to 2020. In both years the measured concentrations were well below the UK objective of 0.25 ngm-3. The decrease observed may just be due to year-on-year variability and no conclusions can be drawn at this point. This plot will be updated with more data in future years.
![Figure 14: Annual mean B[a]P concentrations for 2020 and 2021. The dashed line represents the UK objective limit for B[a]P.](data:image/png;base64,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)
Figure 14: Annual mean B[a]P concentrations for 2020 and 2021. The dashed line represents the UK objective limit for B[a]P.
Concentrations of PAHs for each of the four periods in 2021 are shown in Figure 15. The data for each period are provided in Table C2 in Appendix C. Period averages for each compound can also be viewed by hovering over the relevant bar in the plot. Each compound double can also be plotted separately by double clicking on the name in the legend.
Figure 15: PAH concentrations measured at Helsby during 2021.
3.5 Dioxins, Furans and PCB Analysis
The TOMPs data (Dioxins, Furans and PCBs) for Helsby have been converted to Toxic Equivalency using the World Health Organization Toxic Equivalency Factors (see Appendix B). The annual mean and period mean concentrations for each set of compounds measured at Helsby are provided in the tables and figures below.
Dioxins
Bar plot showing the concentrations of Dioxins measured at Helsby for each of the four periods in 2021. The data for each period are provided in Table C3 in Appendix C.
Figure 16: Dioxin concentrations measured at Helsby during 2021.
Furans
Bar plot showing the concentrations of Furans measured at Helsby for each of the four periods in 2021.
Figure 17: Furan concentrations measured at Helsby during 2021.
PCBs
Figure 18: PCB concentrations measured at Helsby during 2021.
4 Conclusions
This report provides the results from the analysis of the pollutant data measured at the site in Helsby in 2021.
The results show that both PM10 and PM2.5 annual means in 2021, were well below the annual mean AQS objective of 40 ?gm-3 for PM10 and 25 ?gm-3 for PM2.5. There were no exceedances of the 24-hour PM10 limit of 50 ?mg-3.
Variations in hourly PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations with wind speed and direction were assessed to investigate sources of particulates. Higher concentrations of PM10 were associated with high winds from the northwest, whereas for PM2.5, the highest concentrations were observed under low wind speeds.
Filter samples of PM10 were collected every month and heavy metal concentrations extracted - all annual mean concentrations were below their associated target value.
Samples were collected and collated every 3 months for analysis of dioxins, furans, PCBs, and PAHs. The annual mean concentrations of Benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P), which is used as a marker compound for PAHs, was 0.06 ngm-3 in 2020, which is below the European (1 ng-3) and UK (0.25 ngm-3) objectives.
Appendix A
Table A1: Description of air pollution bandings
Appendix B
The International Toxic Equivalent (ITEQ) values for individual congeners are calculated for each sample using the WHO schemes. The factors are provided in Table B1. Where an isomer has a result less than the LOD a value equivalent to the LOD is used to determine the ITEQ. Therefore, these values represent a worst case assessment. Additional total ITEQ values are also calculated, assuming that where a result is less than the limit of detection then the ITEQ contribution is zero.
Table B1: Toxic equivalency factors for TOMPs.
Appendix C
Tables C1 to C3 provide the analysis of heavy, metals, PAHs, Dioxins, Furans and PCBs for each period during 2021.
Table C1: Analysis of heavy metals for each period. Values with the prefix “<” denote data where the values were below the limit of detection.
Table C2: Analysis of PAHs for each period.
Table C3: Analysis of Dioxins, Furans and PCBs, for each period.
References
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| Name | David Madle |
| Address | Ricardo Energy & Environment, Gemini Building, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QR, United Kingdom |
| Telephone | 01235 75 6523 |
| david.madle@ricardo.com |